Hewlett Packard Essay Example for Free

Hewlett Packard Essay HP Introduction Hewlett-Packard Company officially called HP is an American multinational company initially created for electronic and instrumentation which has evolved towards computer software and multimedia. It is one of the 40 biggest companies of the world. Its main products are printers and peripheral devices, computers of any sizes (pocket computers, laptops, home computers as well as servers and services to other companies. The company has its headquarter at Palo Alto in the Silicon Valley in California. In 2008, the annual turnover was about 118 billion dollars and HP was the first computer maker of the world, before IBM and Dell. HP produces approximately half of the printers in the world, which represents a quarter of its turnover. Creation January the first of 1939, the company Hewlett-Packard was founded in Palo Alto by two friends, engineers in electronics from Stanford University, William Hewlett and David Packard. The company was created in a garage, a few kilometers from San Francisco, in California. They first began with 585 dollars. For the story, the two entrepreneurs flipped a coin to choose if the company will be named Hewlett-Packard or Packard-Hewlett, Bill wan. The beginning At first, Hewlett-Packard devised, make and commercialize trial and measure instruments with their new product which is an audio precision oscillator with prices lower than the concurrence. Their first client was Walt Disney Pictures which served to synchronize the sound effects in the film Fantasia. 1940 to 1970: from instrumentation to computer devices Little by little HP finds out that the acquisition of data is essential when we possess numerous machines of measurement. From that point, HP develops its first microcomputers and home computers dedicated to data treatment. This will be done in two parts: In 1966 HP produces its first microcomputer. In 1968, HP produces programmable calculators. Informatique, pà ©riphà ©riques et services des annà ©es 1970 In the 1970’s, HP develops different ranges of computers, technical just as well as management and personal. Computers Since 1972, HP develops a range of  « micro-computers  » dedicated to management in  « real time  »,  « multi task  »,  « multi-user  » whereas most of the other constructors where doing information technology in â€Å"differed time†. The company will also commercialize graph plotter (ancestor of the printer). HP will continue to increase its competitiveness with innovation concerning calculators, micro-computers, mini-computers, printers etc. Micro-computing and peripheries from 1980 to 2000. To complete the range, HP expanded the range of peripheries, micro-computing, and workstation. In 1984, Hewlett-Packard commercializes: Its first personal computer Its first ink printer (Thinkjet) Its first laser printer (LaserJet) In March 1986, Hewlett-Packard recorded the domain  « hp.com  »; at that time it is the ninth company in the world to own internet domain. In 1989, HP buys the company Apollo. In 1993, HP threw itself into general public of PC. In 1994, it is the launch of printers Officejet, personal printer-fax-photocopier. Acquisition and restructuration in 2000’s 1999 – 2005 From 1999 to 2005, CEO Carly Fiorina buy and merge with Compaq Hewlett-Packard and reorganize the company reducing the number of 15,000 employees. 2005-2010 In May 2008, HP bought EDS which is the largest buyout of a services company in computer engineering ever made so far with a total of $ 13.9 billion. November 11, 2009, Hewlett-Packard announced the acquisition of 3Com for $  2.7 billion U.S. dollars, operation materialized 12 April 2010. June 1, 2010, HP announced a dismissal will take place over several years to lead to the elimination of 9,000 employees. On 6 August 2010, Mark Hurd was forced to resign. Cathie Lesjak, the chief financial officer, has been acting as CEO. 2010-2011 On 2 September 2010, HP announced the acquisition of U.S. manufacturer 3PAR after a battle with Dell for $ 2.4 billion. The new CEO, Leo Apotheker, took office on 30 September 2010. Since 2011 September 22, 2011, HP announced the replacement of Leo Apotheker with Meg Whitman, former eBay boss. May 23, 2012, HP announced a social affecting 27,000 employees. September 27, 2012, this social plan is reviewed on the rise and affects 29,000 people. November 20, 2012, HP announced a loss of $ 12.6 billion for the year 2012 including $ 8.8 billion related to the acquisition of Autonomy Corporation in 2011 In August 2011, HP announced the end of production for the PC end of the year, after the failure of its tablet but October 28, 2011, HP announced that it keeps its PC division because of the value it represents. In the third quarter of 2012, HP has lost its position as the worlds number one PC for the benefit of Lenovo, HP, however, disputes this Research and development, manufacture and distribution Computer server Networks, storage solutions, electronic document management Professional microcomputers and large public Scanners and digital cameras and printers Printing CD and DVD recorders, DVD TFT LCD, video projectors HP Calculators. Digital music player

Obesity In the U.S. Essay -- essays research papers

Obesity in the U.S. Subject Sentence: Obesity in general has become a major concern in the U.S. Mainly because of three major factors dealing with obesity how quickly it became a problem, the U.S. being the most overweight nation, and the increased health risks. Introduction: Are you overweight? Do have a little junk in the trunk? To answer these questions either you or someone you know has a problem with obesity. This has come to be a problem of epidemic proportions in the U.S. Body: I) To begin how is that obesity has become such a major problem in our country. A) One being the fact that we are the most agriculturally advanced nation. And unhealthy foods are so easily accessible with drive thrus and promotions of products in grocery stores. B) Unhealthy foods such as fast food have become easy, cheap, accessible, and convenient and that is what everyone wants convenience. C) And in response some fast food chains have now come up with ideas to keep their customers and have them eat healthier. Now fast food restaurants now serve personal size salads and other healthier alternatives and carbohydrate counting menus. II) Another reason for the U.S. obesity problem is that we are the most overweight nation in the world. A) People have been sacrificing healthy food for fast food and microwaveable meals. We and people in general do all if this is for the sake of less hassle and more convenience to parents for themselves and children this world is now becoming more and m...

Blue Like Jazz Conversion Stories

In the book Blue like Jazz there is a couple of conversion stories I would like to talk about. The first one comes from Chapter 4. It is the conversion of Millers friend Penny. Penny was a person who did not like Christians and Christianity based on the stereotypes that she had seen and the world has given to them. In the chapter it says that Penny wanted nothing to do with Christianity until she met a friend from her school. She went to college at the same place as miller, which is reed college, and after her freshman year she decided to study at a school in france. While there she was introduced to another student from Reed who she was very fond of and her name is Nadine. Nadine was a very nice person to Penny and listened to Penny’s childhood problems intently and with care. One night Nadine told Penny that she was a christian and Penny was very upset by it. She did not want to believe that this person that was so nice, kind and listened to her so well was a Christian because from her perspective of Christianity these were not traits of a Christian. Then when Penny started to think about it she found out that maybe Christianity has something to offer her. This was the beginning process of her conversion. She may not have changed her ways immediately but this way of thinking and meeting Nadine really opened up her mind to Christianity. Later in the book it goes to talk about how she converts after hearing the voice of God while she was high on drugs. This may or may not be true but personally I believe that it is. I think that God will come to people when they are most vulnerable and tell them straight up what they need to here. A couple of days later after hearing Gods voice she prayed and asked for forgiveness of her sins and that is the day that she converted. All that was left was a public display of conversion, also known as baptism.

New Technologies Used In WW1 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 810 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/05/17 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: War Essay World War 1 Essay Did you like this example? World War I was the First World War, or The War to End All Wars. It was as horrific as it was a time to show true nationalism towards ones country, whether German or American. Life for a soldier during this time was grueling and toilsome, while both sides of the war fought in waterlogged, swampy channels known as trench warfare. Predominantly, trench warfare was located on the Western Front. This was a region of northern France and Belgium that oversaw the wars linking German troops and the Allied forces from France, Great Britain, and the United States. Soldiers inhabited the very long, inadequate channels for several weeks at a time. As the broad use of chemical warfare commenced, the trenches became a difficult area to provide refuge from contagion or death. However, once gas masks were invented, soldiers were permitted complete shields from the pollution, miraculously saving many soldiers. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "New Technologies Used In WW1" essay for you Create order Also, trench warfare induced a vast quantity of fatalities and organized, yet purposeless, strikes. During WWI, soldiers were extremely impulsive, partially because of living in the ditches for such an interminable time period. Therefore, their mindsets had revolved only around the victory of the battle in order to then leave, receive medical treatment (if needed), and to finally see their families. So many soldiers would foolishly run to no-mans land (the field between opposing forces) and quickly shoot, thinking their strategy would work, but the plan usually concluded in immediate death with the opposing side instantly killing them. In some historians opinions, the 1916 Battle of the Somme in France is where trench warfare was truly viewed as the most brutal. In this war, 60,000 soldiers died and only 143 were left standing as it ended. Sustained living in the most drastic of water settings caused men to share severe, problematic conditions such as trench foot and trench mouth. Trench foot was an excruciatingly painful state where the decaying flesh extending throughout the foot or both; trench mouth was a sort of gum disease that caused a high amount of pressure and continuous barrage. Soldiers also experienced illnesses such as shell shock cholera, and typhoid fever. Also known today as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), shell shock was an immobilizing mental illness in which soldiers were affected greatly because of WWI. Two of the most frequent diseases, cholera and typhoid fever, were also a constant threat among the soldiers on a daily basis. Along with trench warfare, many technological advancements were launched, either producing advantages or disadvantages for forces that fought one another during WWI. Two of the most vital war inventions of the early 1900s were chemical warfare, such as poison gas, grenades, phosphene, gas masks, etc., and importantly, the enhancement of the machine gun. As well as chemical warfare and machine guns, there was the development of airplanes, tanks, and many more critical improvements in various equipment. Chemical warfare was, of course, created by the Germans. Once chemical warfare was fabricated along with the protection of gas masks, this new addition made the war seem slightly simpler to plan for a multitudinous amount of men to suffer or die at the same time. Machine guns were originally produced by an American, Hiram Maxim, but later upgraded for WWI by the Germans. Also known as fighter planes, airplanes were an enormous benefit to WWI and were also invented by the Germans. They were a huge benefit because many soldiers felt they could kill their contending side more easily as they used machine guns or bombs on the planes to kill enemies below and unexpectedly, instead of on ground level. Constructed by the British, tanks were massively protected machines that held major guns. Unfortunately, their power did not greatly improve until WWII when the French created a new model, but the first tank was still an accomplishment and a vast betterment for WWI as a whole. Ultimately, these technological advancements impacted the overall effects and battles of WWI, which in turn gave the soldiers hope to win the war through their strong nationalism towards their country. Aside from the trenchs safety issues like too much water, which causes many diseases and uncleanliness for the soldiers, there was no boundary to protect the soldiers on either the Western or Eastern Front (either side of battle). However, without a doubt, the technological advancements that benefitted the many forces of WWI far outweighed the harsh conditions and less than ideal circumstances because without them, the battle might not have extended for many more years and resulted in many more thousands of fatalities. According to historians of History.com, most soldiers of the Allied force died because of the diseases they faced in the trenches. This being said, the soldiers strong bravery and patriotism/nationalism towards their country and their family kept them going through the trenchs hard trials and the wars nightmarish four years and three months.

The Supplemental Nutrition Program For Women - 890 Words

The Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) was started in 1972, and was permanently established in 1974 by the USDA (WIC Fact Sheet, 2015; Brown, 2011). WIC was established to safeguard the health of women, infants, and children up to age five who are low income and at nutritional risk; their mission is carried out by means of supplementing diets by providing access to nutritious foods, nutrition education, breastfeeding education, breastfeeding promotion, breastfeeding support, and referrals to health and other social service agencies (WIC Fact Sheet, 2015). WIC is one of the most successful nutrition programs in the United States that is federally funded; it has served approximately 5.7 million children and 1.8 million women in fiscal years 2001-2003 (Brown, 2011). â€Å"WIC is not an entitlement program as Congress does not set aside funds to allow every eligible individual to participate in the program. WIC is a Federal grant program for which Congress authorizes a specific amount of funds each year for the program.† (WIC at a Glance, 2015, p. 1). WIC is directed by the Food and Nutrition Service at the Federal level and run by 90 WIC state agencies that operates through 1,900 local agencies in 10,000 clinic sites, in 50 State health departments, 34 Indian Tribal Organizations, the District of Columbia, Northern Mariana, American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands (WIC at a Glance, 2015). Eligibility to participate in theShow MoreRelatedThe Women Infant and Children (WIC) Supplemental Nutrition Program1274 Words   |  5 PagesThe Women Infant and Children (WIC) Supplemental Nutrition Program is a supplemental food and nutrition program for low-income pregnant, breastfeeding, and postpartum women and children under age five who have a nutriThe Women, Infant and Children Supplemental Nutritional Program’s primary goals are to provide supplemental food and nutrition to women of a lower income who are pregnant, breastfeeding, and postpartum and children under age 5. In the 1960’s issues of women and their children of lowerRead MoreSpecial Supplemental Nutrition Program For Women, Infants, And Children Essay3550 Words   |  15 PagesRunning Head: The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children 3 The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children Rebecca H. Thomas Simmons Introduction In the United States, there is a significant number of women and children live below the federal poverty line and many still live below twice the poverty line (Jackson, 2014). According toRead MoreThe Snap ( Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program ) And Wic ( Women, Infants, Children ) Programs864 Words   |  4 Pages The SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) and WIC (Women, Infants, Children) programs both have similar jobs. Both programs attempt to help feed struggling families. In the past SNAP allowed members to purchase food staples and prepackaged food, but a recent bill is being made in order to address these rules. These changes will deactivate members’ abilities to purchase prepackaged food, and has limited them to purchase only food staples. These food staples included foods such as riceRead MoreThe Effect Of Nutrition On Children And Its Economic Impact1549 Words   |  7 PagesThe Value of Nutrition in Children and its Economic Impact Nutrition is the elements in food and drinks that are essential for the body to function, grow, and sustain a healthy life. Proper nutrition is particularly important to children and the lasting effects of inadequate or poor nutrition can be detrimental to a child’s long-term health and well-being. Nutrition plays a crucial role in the physical and mental development of children and can have a striking impact as they progress through theirRead MoreHouse Of Representatives Member, Phil Roe, Introduced A1114 Words   |  5 PagesFood and Nutrition Act of 2008. The Healthy Food Choices Act of 2016 would require the participants of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program to use their benefits to purchase items that meet the nutrition requirement proposed by the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children or WIC program (Roe, 2016). According to the United States Department of Agriculture (2016), there were 45,766,672 people participated in the Sup plemental Nutrition Assistance Program in theRead MoreFood Insecurity And Its Effects On Health1258 Words   |  6 Pagesat some point and 5% of households had very low food security in 2015.2 The prevalence of food insecurity in Ohio was greater than the national average in 2015, with 16.1% of households reporting food insecurity.2 The position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND), formerly the American Dietetic Association, recognizes that in order to promote food security for all Americans, action is needed and incorporates the several aspects of interventions needed to accomplish this goal.1 IndividualsRead MoreAmerica, The Land Of The Free And The Home1372 Words   |  6 Pagesthe United States has witnessed a surge in food insecurity and poverty levels since 2008 due to several things. Now there have been a few programs that have been implemented to aid in lowering the number of hungry people in this great nation. In fact, as shown in 2008, just over 28.2 million individuals were receiving Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program benefits. In addition, only two years later, that number climbed by a whopping 50% to over 40.3 million people. Every year, this number keepsRead MoreAn Article About A Local Non Profit Agency Doubling The Value Of Snap ( Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program888 W ords   |  4 Pagesagency doubling the value of SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) benefits when used at the local farmers’ market. One dollar of SNAP benefits would allow a participant to receive two dollars’ worth of items from the farmers market. The purpose of the non-profit doubling the value was to make fresh, local, healthy choices available for a reasonable value to SNAP recipients. Week after week as I visited the farmers market and asked how the program was going, the market manager saidRead MoreThe United States Department Of Agriculture Essay1282 Words   |  6 PagesAgriculture (USDA) administers food assistance programs that help provide food for low to no income families. It is their goal to increase food security and reduce hunger by increasing access to food, a healthful diet, and nutrition education for low-income Americans (Caswell, 2013, para. 1). Some of the current nutrition assistance programs include â€Å"the Supplemental Nu trition Assistance Program (SNAP) and the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)†(Caswell, 2013Read MoreChildren Are The Hope Of The Nation s Future Essay1525 Words   |  7 Pagesfact that their necessities are not wholly provided is the main reason why poverty negatively affects the well-being of the children. In order to address this concern, the government strived to implement anti-poverty programs in an attempt to mend the conflict. However, these programs are insufficient due to the bigger than expected scale of the problem. Through their individual just peace lenses, concerned citizens also participated in the battle with poverty in different ways. This would include

Essay on Iago Character Analysis - 1141 Words

William Shakespeares Othello is a play that mostly revolves around jealousy, trust and revenge. Throughout most of Shakespeares plays, evil characters are not uncommon, but in my own opinion, Iago has to be one of Ââ€" if not the most - interesting. Even though Iago might be described by some as being just pure evil or even intolerable, the truth still remains that people will read deeper into the play just to see what Iago will do next. Through his words and actions, which are carefully thought out, Iago is able to manipulate others for his personal benefit. Not only that, but he also manipulates people to get him closer to his goals. He is no doubt the driving force of the play, pushing Othello and everyone else towards the tragic†¦show more content†¦He figures this will make Cassio lose his position as Lieutenant, thereby making him the new Lieutenant. Cassio falls for the trick, fights Roderigo, and loses his position. This leaves Iago with what he wanted all along- which is to be Lieutenant. With all of Iagos actions throughout the play, it is clear to see not only is he evil, but he has no conscience. As the play unfolds, Iago constantly lies and deceives people. From his wife, to his friends, it doesnt matter. In just about every scene of the play, one can point out his deception or scheme. In one scene, Iago actually tricks Othello into believing that Desdemona, his own wife, is having an affair with Cassio. Then he ironically warns Othello about jealousy: O, beware my lord of jealousy; It is the green eyed monster which doth mock The meat it feeds on (3.3, 165-167) and manages to convince Othello without any concrete proof, which is amazing. After this, Othello is so filled with rage and caught up in Iagos lies that he refuses to believe Desdemona when she denies everything. Othello knows that he cant let her live knowing that he has been ridiculed: But alas, to make me the fixed figure for the time of scorn. To point his slow unmoving finger at! (4.2, 53-55) Since he cant live in such a role, he murders Desdemona. At this point, much credit has to be given to Iago - even if people dont like him. His manipulative power, which gives him the ability to bendShow MoreRelatedCharacter Analysis Of Iago1870 Words   |  8 Pagesbe most drawn to Iago. His eccentricity and borderline sociopathy is enough to draw the eye of any trained professional. Iago would quickly be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder. There is an extremely long list of traits that Iago has that prove this disorder is something he has, with the main trait being manipulation. Throughout the entire play Iago is seen as the master of manipulation and does an incredible job at bending those around him to do his will. Because Iago displays manipulationRead More A Character Analysis Of Iago Essay855 Words   |  4 Pages Iago is one of the most interesting characters in the tragedy quot;Othelloquot; by William Shakespeare. Through some carefully thought-out words and actions, Iago is able to manipulate others to do things in a way that benefits him and gets him closer to his goals. He is the driving force in this play, pushing Othello and everyone else towards the tragic ending. Iago is not the typical villain in any story or play. The role he plays is unique and complex, far from what one might expect from aRead MoreThe Character Analysis Of Iago Of Othello1075 Words   |  5 PagesAt first glance, Iago of Othello can appear to have little motivation for his destructive tendencies; however, when viewed through the lens of antisocial personality disorder, his incentive takes on a twisted internal logic. His all-consuming desire for revenge is not necessarily because of any outside influence by Othello himself, but rather the fact that Othello disrupts Iago’s conception of himself and is a pawn whom he can manipulate for pleasure. His arrogance and entitlement are also classicRead MoreOthello - Iago Character Analysis Essay772 Words   |  4 PagesIago, in Shakespeares Othello, is a deceiving character because he tells lies in order to get what he wants. He interacts with people only to manipulate them, but most importantly he never reveals his true feelings or motives. Iago might say things that suggest what his motive is, but he soon contradicts himself with another suggestion making it extremely difficult to understand him. Although Iagos true motives cannot be determined, some motives could be jealousy, the enjoyment of seeing peopleRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Iago In William Shakespeares Othello705 Words   |  3 PagesKarla Morales GRASP 10/23/17 Iago is the most interesting character in Othello, by William Shakespeare. With his carefully thought out plans, he is able to manipulate others to do things in a way that helps him and moves him closer towards what in his mind is revenge against Othello. He is the main antagonist in this play, pushing Othello and everyone else towards their end. Iago manages to commit all seven deadly sins. He constantly uses his good reputation for dishonorable purposes. His talentRead MoreOthello: Good vs Evil1525 Words   |  7 PagesGood Or Evil: A Critical Analysis of Othello’s Main Characters William Shakespeare’s Othello is a classic depiction of a struggle between good and evil. In the play,, the characters are faced with the choice to either conquer or succumb to the overpowering force of evil. Shakespeare places his characters on a sort of spectrum in which a character’s amount of god or evil can be represented by a shade of color: black representing pure evil, white representing absolute goodness, and a shade of greyRead MoreThe Antagonist, Shakespeare1405 Words   |  6 Pagesstoryteller to leave an impact of each who hears their tale. The idea is to have a plot interesting enough to hold the attention and then to develop conflict those experiencing will remember. Part of the way this is accomplished is through the characters, not always the protagonist, but the antagonist as well. The villain of the story is an individual the audience will pay close attention to and attempt to understand as the storyline unfolds. â€Å"There’s something abo ut antagonists that, I think, Read MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Othello 1131 Words   |  5 PagesAn Analysis of Othello by Shakespeare Shakespeare is known for his use of recurring themes throughout his work, including love, death and betrayal. These themes are present in his work of Othello. However, the most fundamental issue is jealousy. The lives of the characthers in Othello are ruined by jealousy from the beginning to the end of the play. The telling of the story is carried out by passion, jealousy, and death. Shakespeare’s Othello reveals devastating tragic inevitability, stunning psychologicalRead MoreGender in Othello716 Words   |  3 PagesOf all the characters in Shakespeare’s works, none fall harder or faster than that of Othello, The Moor of Venice. Easily swayed and wrought by jealousy, Othello’s downfall is brought on by the fact that he doesn’t believe in himself. This uncertainty is the basis upon which unfolds one of Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies. Through the in depth analysis of both Othello and Iago, I will serve to prove that Shakespeare was illustrating t he fact that disaster is the only outcome of men lead by wild emotionRead MoreTheme Of Jealousy In Othello979 Words   |  4 Pagespeople’s lives and can lead to a series of tragedies in the life of a hero. A good example of this is in Othello by William Shakespeare, it is shown Iago is infuriated with that fact that Othello is in the upper class while he is stuck in the lower class. A Marxist analysis is shown here because Iago does everything in his power to convince the other characters he should have a higher position. Jealousy comes a long way it started before shakespeares time and is still here today. The thought of being

Literature Review On Ethical Consumers †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Literature Review On Ethical Consumers. Answer: Introduction Literature reviews is the process of search and make evaluation on the available literature, which should be based on the topic or subject area of study. It has four major objectives, that include surveying the literature, synthesizing the information into short summery, critically analyzing the information of the literature and presenting it in a constructive way in the paper (Rowley, Jennifer and Frances 2014). The purpose of this easy is to show literature reviews, compare, and contrast different articles on ethical consumers. The report will conclude with a summary of the literatures and thus identify the gaps in the literatures. Literature Reviews Factors related to Ethical Consumers According to Solomon et al., (2012) the ethical consumer follows the rule of ethical consumerism. Ethical consumers are those who buy products that are ethically produced and not damaging to the society or environment. the products, which are ethically produce include fair trade objects, organic product, energy efficient bulbs, recycled paper, renewable energy efficient electricity and wood products that are approved by the Forest Stewardship Council. The ethical consumer avoids products such as gas-guzzling cars and battery eggs. The authors in the literature have identified the roles and regulation of the Ethical Consumer Research Association. This association publishes its concerns in its authentic magazine with detailed review of the ethical consumerism rules. The authors have argued that pressure groups that support the ethical consumerism raise problems regularly about the concerns of ethical consumerism (Davies, Zoe Lee and Ine 2012). Thus, they identify companies that do not follow the rule. However, it is difficult to decide what should be the object of buying and what should be not based on which one is following the rule of ethical consumerism and which ethical fund has been investing on the products. Solomon (2014), in his book has discussed the responsibilities of ethical consumers have been discussed, which adds much value to the previous literature and draws similarity to it. It is explored and suggested by him that ethical consumers should buy their necessary products from their nearby location or purchase the products, which are produced locally, thus, providing chances to grow them as well as support the ethical consumerism. The literature has assured to its reader the involvement of the food miles, that is the amount of energy invested for having the products. The ethical consumers have responsibilities to minimize the energy investment as to help in the conservation program. However, it can be said that the ethical consumer would tend to buy their products from nearby farmers market, thus, neglect the workers exploitation. The consumers should look at the companies as well as the products to evaluate the most appropriate ethically produced products. It can be stated that ethical consumerism is a shared responsibility of both the consumers and manufacturers. The company and buyer should have equal responsibility to follow the rule while making the world more environment friendly and equal rights to oblige. Attitudes and Behaviors in Ethical Consumerisms According to Carrington et al., (2014), an exploratory study has been presented about the factors threatening the ethical consumption in their journal. The journal has produced a completely different viewpoint relating to ethical consumers behavior. In the journal, it has been argued that though ethical consumption is enlarging among the consumers and the corporate companies however, there is some ethical purchasing gap and attitude behavior gap described by (Tseng, Shih and Shiu 2013). A large scale of study by Shen et al., (2012) has shown that more than one third of the consumers in United Kingdom has portrayed them as ethical buyers yet, fair trade or other ethically accredited products have achieved 1-3% of share in the market. It can be said that only 30% of consumers care for the ethical standards however, nearly 3% of buying reflects the standards of the ethical consumerism. This can be termed as ethical purchasing gap and attitude behavior gap. However, it is discussed in th e journal the factors that influence the consumers ethical behavior. The factors are decision making, consumption experiences and purchase experiences. The Hunt and Vitells general theory of marketing has been discussed in the context of decision- making in spite of the little studies that have been conducted about the ethics playing the role in individual purchasing behavior. The study found from the journal has suggested that the consumers are not fully aware about the ethical issues and the consumption choices. However, the models and the theories, which have been discussed in the journal, suggested that the behaviors of the consumers are the direct consequence of the intention and attitudes, which are not fitting with the ethical consumption gap. According to Solomon and Michael (2014), the consumers behavior has been discussed widely. Here the demographic factors are shown as the poor indicator of ethical consumerism as different studies show different viewpoint. One study shows that ethical sensibility has grown with the age. The sensible factors, which are necessary for the ethical consumers should increase as the age of the consumers are increased. The age adds value to the awareness or maturity of the consumers. Another study has shown that the notion of ethical consumerism is largely present in women and persons with lower level of educational qualification. There are also moral maturity factors that control the consumers behaviors. Those factors are ones own believe and confidence. However, the consumers with strong believe follow the action more confidently however; the consumers with low confidence follow the rule more lightly. The finding show complicated nature of the decision making of the consumers. The others fa ctor that influences the consumers ethics are situational factors and post-purchase factors. The situational factors include restricted availability of the ethical products and limited consumption choice. However, the ethical consumers want to buy those products for which they do not need to pay extra and negotiated with quality. The post purchase factor is related to the guilt, which comes after purchasing the product. However, most of the factors have been taken from specific contextual study or research papers about ethical consumptions, which posit different and contrasting viewpoints. Contradiction of the Ethical Consumerism According to the Lekakis and Eleftheria (2013) contradiction regarding the ethical consumerism has been discussed. The authors have discussed the product description in the context of the social politics. The social politics like colonialism or neo colonialism have been dominating the trade market as the author is looking at the fact that Starbucks coffee is not the promise for social change being as a ethical products, however, it has carried the people and the places where the coffee has been made. The coffee making is enrooted with cultural and racial difference, which are vastly identified by the colonial power and they have termed them as the others. Any local production from the colonial world has carried the history of oppression, exploitation, system domination and enslavement. However, in this context the ethical consumerism is a vague term. It should be started with product buying and choosing in the colonial history. Even, in the history of India, the freedom fighters at o ne point of time rejected the products produced by the English. This could be an example of ethical consumerism dated back in the history. However, the study has argued that ethical consumerism is not the term or concept of the modern world. People can trace its marks in the historical junctures. Another study by has elongated the previous approach by extending the insight of the ethical consumerism. The authors Pecoraro, Maria and Outi (2014) have identified the ethical consumerism as the ideological foundation of capitalism. The problems, which are raised in the framework of ethical consumerism is relating to reconstitute of global capitalism. Here, it is taken the enterprises as the social responsible development. The huge amount of money has been invested on the ethical products, which is another way to enrich the global capitalism. The awareness, which have been generated by defining the roles and responsibilities of the ethical consumers and the problems related to it are largely associated with global capitalism. The authors are the practitioner of Marxism thus, by identifying the problems and contradiction of the ethical consumerism the author want to build a barrier to resist the global capitalism in the name of ethical consumerism. Summary It can be concluded by stating that ethical consumerism is a ongoing debate across the globe. Many researches are being conducted for implementing the ethical consumerism. Some study shows the different viewpoint of the ethical consumerism. Some study show the contradiction in the consumers behavior of the ethical consumerism. However, in this literature review, three different themes have been taken, which are factors related to ethical consumerism, attitudes and behaviors in the ethical consumerism and the contradiction in ethical consumerism. It has been tried to produce different points of view in each theme by reviewing different research journal and literature. By successfully doing the literature review it can be said that a study is needed which encompasses all the contradicting points in ethical consumerism. References Carrington, Michal J., Benjamin A. Neville, and Gregory J. Whitwell. "Lost in translation: Exploring the ethical consumer intentionbehavior gap."Journal of Business Research67, no. 1 (2014): 2759-2767. Davies, Iain A., Zoe Lee, and Ine Ahonkhai. 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